Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,341 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (7%) and the United Arab Emirates (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya409 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan279 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan273 kt (est. 12%)Saudi Arabia172 kt (est. 7%)Iraq163 kt (est. 7%)United States154 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria97 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins232 kt (est. 10%)Italy: crude not from imports169 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data154 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data140 kt (6%)Egypt: no crude data59 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data17 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.85 Mt (79%)Saudi Arabia154 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates140 kt (6%)France66 kt (3%)Egypt59 kt (3%)Spain32 kt (1%)Belgium25 kt (1%)Türkiye17 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.6 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.34 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- France
- Egypt
- Spain
- Belgium
- Türkiye
- Other (4)
- Libya409 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan279 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan273 kt (est. 12%)
- Saudi Arabia172 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq163 kt (est. 7%)
- United States154 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria97 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins232 kt (est. 10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports169 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data154 kt (7%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data140 kt (6%)
- Egypt: no crude data59 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data17 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,846,698 | 78.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 154,311 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 139,575 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 66,005 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 58,563 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 31,748 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 25,253 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 16,861 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 399,279 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 278,637 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 258,365 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 188,885 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 169,074 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 164,795 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 157,407 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 154,311 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 139,575 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 130,878 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 82,923 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 58,563 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 17,184 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 16,861 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 16,456 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,675 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 13,286 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 9,733 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 9,031 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,782 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 7,640 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,498 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,055 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,007 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,696 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,083 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3,058 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,935 | 11.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2,839 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 2,237 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,965 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,870 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,519 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,506 | 91.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,445 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,332 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 881 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 667 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 424 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 165 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 139 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 24 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 23 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 9 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 7 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 5 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 4 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 2 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 2 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (169,074 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (154,311 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (139,575 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (58,563 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,119 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (16,885 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (304 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.