Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,520 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (12%), Libya (11%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan315 kt (est. 12%)Libya284 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 11%)Iraq192 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria177 kt (est. 7%)United States151 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia120 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins389 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports175 kt (7%)Kuwait: no crude data133 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data121 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data91 kt (4%)Malta: no refinery66 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.02 Mt (80%)Kuwait133 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia121 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates91 kt (4%)Spain70 kt (3%)Malta66 kt (3%)Egypt9.9 kt (<1%)Belgium5.7 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.52 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Spain
- Malta
- Egypt
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- Azerbaijan315 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya284 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan272 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq192 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria177 kt (est. 7%)
- United States151 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia120 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins389 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports175 kt (7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data133 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data121 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data91 kt (4%)
- Malta: no refinery66 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data10 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,022,147 | 80.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 132,783 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 121,185 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 91,216 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 69,853 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 65,948 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 9,939 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 5,749 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 347,493 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 314,343 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 281,016 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 268,599 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 189,741 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 174,812 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 171,320 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 139,460 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 132,783 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 121,185 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 115,914 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 91,216 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 65,948 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 36,951 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 19,448 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Spain | 10,626 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 9,939 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,129 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 3,942 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 3,361 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,278 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,902 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,709 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,860 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,624 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,140 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 831 | 14.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 715 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 621 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 373 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 356 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 251 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 93 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 82 | 40.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 73 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 64 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 47 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 46 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 23 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 19 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 17 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 11 | 40.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 4 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 3 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 3 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 3 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 2 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 2 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (174,812 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (132,783 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (121,185 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (91,216 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (65,948 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,657 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10,003 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,625 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.