Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Latvia's road diesel supply was 100 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (66%), Finland (22%) and the United Arab Emirates (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (37%), Saudi Arabia (26%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway37 kt (est. 37%)Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 26%)United Kingdom11 kt (est. 11%)United States9.2 kt (est. 9%)Algeria2.8 kt (est. 3%)Guyana1.2 kt (est. 1%)Denmark0.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data7.0 kt (7%)China: no crude data2.9 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania66 kt (66%)Finland22 kt (22%)United Arab Emirates7.0 kt (7%)China2.9 kt (3%)Germany1.2 kt (1%)United States0.1 kt (<1%)Estonia0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlandsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply100 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- United Arab Emirates
- China
- Germany
- United States
- Estonia
- Netherlands
- Norway37 kt (est. 37%)
- Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 26%)
- United Kingdom11 kt (est. 11%)
- United States9.2 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria2.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Guyana1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Denmark0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data7.0 kt (7%)
- China: no crude data2.9 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
1.2 thousand tonnes
est. 1% of Latvia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported1.2 kt estimated
Inferred · mediumEstimated
Last shipped from
- Finland1.2 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 66,130 | 66.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 22,234 | 22.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Latvia: road diesel supply | 7,002 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,868 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,243 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 135 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 101 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 26,262 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 22,061 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 14,658 | 65.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 8,876 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 7,002 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Lithuania | 5,883 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 3,058 | 13.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| China: no crude data | China | 2,868 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 2,773 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 2,404 | 10.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Guyana | Finland | 1,193 | 5.4% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland | 921 | 4.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 524 | 42.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 274 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 270 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 208 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 135 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 111 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 101 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 68 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 25 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 19 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 14 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 10 | 39.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark | Germany | 3 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (7,002 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (2,868 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (299 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (135 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (101 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (70 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.