Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Latvia's road diesel supply was 106 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (57%), Finland (24%) and the United States (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (35%), Saudi Arabia (26%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway37 kt (est. 35%)Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 26%)United Kingdom11 kt (est. 11%)Algeria7.4 kt (est. 7%)Guyana1.6 kt (est. 1%)United States1.5 kt (est. 1%)Denmark0.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)United States: no crude data9.5 kt (9%)Kuwait: no crude data3.3 kt (3%)Cyprus: no refinery2.9 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania60 kt (57%)Finland25 kt (24%)United States9.5 kt (9%)Kuwait3.3 kt (3%)Belgium3.0 kt (3%)Cyprus2.9 kt (3%)Oman0.9 kt (<1%)Estonia0.7 kt (<1%)Bulgaria0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.4 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply106 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Norway37 kt (est. 35%)
- Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 26%)
- United Kingdom11 kt (est. 11%)
- Algeria7.4 kt (est. 7%)
- Guyana1.6 kt (est. 1%)
- United States1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Denmark0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- United States: no crude data9.5 kt (9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data3.3 kt (3%)
- Cyprus: no refinery2.9 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data1.1 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
27.3 thousand tonnes
est. 26% of Latvia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported27 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Lithuania27 kt (est. 100%)
- Other suppliers0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 59,932 | 56.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 25,151 | 23.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 9,458 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Latvia: road diesel supply | 3,289 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,964 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,929 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Latvia: road diesel supply | 861 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 680 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Latvia: road diesel supply | 375 | 0.4% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Bulgaria | Latvia: road diesel supply | 127 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 27,238 | 45.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 18,802 | 74.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Lithuania | 17,234 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 9,458 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 8,078 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 7,383 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 3,289 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 3,044 | 12.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Cyprus: no refinery | Cyprus | 2,929 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,320 | 44.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Finland | 1,309 | 5.2% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 1,126 | 4.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland | 870 | 3.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Oman | 861 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 729 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 680 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Belgium | 407 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 259 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 201 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 198 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 114 | 89.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 73 | 146.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 52 | 75.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 49 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 38 | 58.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 13 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Guyana | Other suppliers | 6 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3 | 8.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceLowMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · low
Provenance
Inferred · lowLow- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · low
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (9,458 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (3,289 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Cyprus: no refinery (2,929 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (1,062 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (680 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (313 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (18 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.