Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Latvia's road diesel supply was 87 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (73%), Finland (14%) and the United States (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (33%), Norway (28%) and Algeria (13%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 33%)Norway24 kt (est. 28%)Algeria11 kt (est. 13%)United Kingdom6.8 kt (est. 8%)United States5.0 kt (est. 6%)Russia0.2 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)United States: no crude data5.7 kt (7%)China: no crude data2.9 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania64 kt (73%)Finland12 kt (14%)United States5.7 kt (7%)China2.9 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia1.0 kt (1%)Germany0.9 kt (1%)Slovakia0.5 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.3 kt (<1%)Estonia0.2 kt (<1%)Cyprus0.2 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply87 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- United States
- China
- Saudi Arabia
- Germany
- Slovakia
- Netherlands
- Other (2)
- Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 33%)
- Norway24 kt (est. 28%)
- Algeria11 kt (est. 13%)
- United Kingdom6.8 kt (est. 8%)
- United States5.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Russia0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- United States: no crude data5.7 kt (7%)
- China: no crude data2.9 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2024)
814 tonnes
<1% of Latvia's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Finland0.5 kt (66%)
- Lithuania0.1 kt (17%)
- Slovakia0.1 kt (14%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 63,698 | 73.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 11,947 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 5,677 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,876 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Latvia: road diesel supply | 920 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 454 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Latvia: road diesel supply | 322 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 196 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Latvia: road diesel supply | 153 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 28,356 | 44.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 14,505 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 11,057 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 9,553 | 80.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 5,677 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 4,883 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 4,754 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 2,876 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,856 | 15.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 538 | 4.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 244 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Latvia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 225 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 196 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Germany | 187 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 160 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Cyprus | 153 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 142 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 130 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 111 | 24.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 99 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Latvia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 75 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 74 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 74 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 73 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 50 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 39 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 34 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 32 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 29 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 22 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 21 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 16 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (5,677 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (2,876 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (1,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (814 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (349 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (102 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.