Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Latvia's road diesel supply was 107 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (76%) and Finland (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (30%), Saudi Arabia (30%) and Norway (24%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States32 kt (est. 30%)Saudi Arabia32 kt (est. 30%)Norway26 kt (est. 24%)United Kingdom6.8 kt (est. 6%)Algeria2.8 kt (est. 3%)United States: no crude data3.3 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data1.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.3 kt (<1%)Lithuania81 kt (76%)Finland20 kt (19%)United States3.3 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates1.5 kt (1%)India0.2 kt (<1%)China0.1 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply107 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- India
- China
- Saudi Arabia
- United States32 kt (est. 30%)
- Saudi Arabia32 kt (est. 30%)
- Norway26 kt (est. 24%)
- United Kingdom6.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria2.8 kt (est. 3%)
- United States: no crude data3.3 kt (3%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data1.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2023)
753 tonnes
<1% of Latvia's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Finland0.8 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 81,430 | 76.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 20,400 | 19.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 3,335 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,530 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Latvia: road diesel supply | 151 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 32,240 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 29,232 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 15,697 | 76.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 10,141 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 6,030 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 3,335 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Finland | 3,171 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 2,831 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 1,530 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 954 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 778 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 753 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 151 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 98 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 73 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (3,335 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (1,530 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (954 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (753 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (322 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.