Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Latvia's road diesel supply was 111 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (60%), Finland (20%) and Sweden (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (37%), Saudi Arabia (23%) and the United Kingdom (13%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway41 kt (est. 37%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 23%)United Kingdom15 kt (est. 13%)United States8.7 kt (est. 8%)Algeria2.4 kt (est. 2%)Guyana1.2 kt (est. 1%)Denmark1.0 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 1%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data6.7 kt (6%)China: no crude data3.9 kt (4%)Lithuania: crude not from imports2.2 kt (2%)Finland: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania66 kt (60%)Finland22 kt (20%)Sweden10 kt (9%)United Arab Emirates6.7 kt (6%)China3.9 kt (4%)Germany0.6 kt (<1%)Estonia0.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply111 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- Sweden
- United Arab Emirates
- China
- Germany
- Estonia
- Netherlands
- Norway41 kt (est. 37%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 23%)
- United Kingdom15 kt (est. 13%)
- United States8.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria2.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Guyana1.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Denmark1.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.5 kt (est. 1%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data6.7 kt (6%)
- China: no crude data3.9 kt (4%)
- Lithuania: crude not from imports2.2 kt (2%)
- Finland: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2024)
6.7 thousand tonnes
6% of Latvia's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data6.7 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 66,470 | 60.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 22,234 | 20.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Latvia: road diesel supply | 10,322 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Latvia: road diesel supply | 6,738 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Latvia: road diesel supply | 3,900 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Latvia: road diesel supply | 648 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 346 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 25,009 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 18,826 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 14,699 | 66.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 12,831 | 19.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 6,953 | 67.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 6,738 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Lithuania | 5,196 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 3,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Finland | 3,110 | 14.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 2,371 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Lithuania: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 2,238 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Finland: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,281 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Finland | 1,236 | 5.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 1,202 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,048 | 10.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 954 | 4.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Denmark | Finland | 954 | 4.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 682 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 346 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Sweden | 322 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 287 | 44.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 116 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 103 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark | Sweden | 59 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 56 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 54 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 41 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 31 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 19 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 19 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 16 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 14 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 8 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 7 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 1 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Denmark | Germany | 1 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (6,738 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (3,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Lithuania: crude not from imports (2,238 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Finland: crude origin not reported (1,281 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,095 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (346 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (76 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.