Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Latvia's road diesel supply was 105 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (64%), Finland (16%) and the United States (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (34%), Saudi Arabia (26%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway36 kt (est. 34%)Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 26%)United Kingdom12 kt (est. 11%)United States7.2 kt (est. 7%)Algeria3.1 kt (est. 3%)Russia0.4 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)United States: no crude data12 kt (11%)China: no crude data5.0 kt (5%)Cyprus: no refinery1.7 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania67 kt (64%)Finland17 kt (16%)United States12 kt (11%)China5.0 kt (5%)Belgium2.6 kt (2%)Cyprus1.7 kt (2%)Slovakia0.5 kt (<1%)India0.1 kt (<1%)Estonia0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply105 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Norway36 kt (est. 34%)
- Saudi Arabia27 kt (est. 26%)
- United Kingdom12 kt (est. 11%)
- United States7.2 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria3.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.8 kt (est. <1%)
- United States: no crude data12 kt (11%)
- China: no crude data5.0 kt (5%)
- Cyprus: no refinery1.7 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2024)
11.6 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Latvia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported12 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Lithuania8.9 kt (est. 76%)
- Finland2.5 kt (est. 22%)
- Belgium0.1 kt (est. 1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 67,074 | 63.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 16,735 | 15.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 11,730 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Latvia: road diesel supply | 4,950 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,564 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,711 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 453 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 27,109 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 21,974 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 13,571 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 11,730 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 8,862 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 6,052 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 4,950 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 3,077 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 2,546 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Cyprus: no refinery | Cyprus | 1,711 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 740 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 618 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 534 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 400 | 88.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Latvia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 386 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 295 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 277 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 186 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 146 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Latvia split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 102 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 50 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 34 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Latvia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 19 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Latvia split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 12 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 9 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 6 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 5 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 4 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Germany | 2 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (11,730 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (4,950 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Cyprus: no refinery (1,711 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (190 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (102 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (50 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.