Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Latvia's road diesel supply was 110 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (61%), Finland (19%) and Sweden (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (34%), Saudi Arabia (29%) and the United Kingdom (11%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway37 kt (est. 34%)Saudi Arabia32 kt (est. 29%)United Kingdom12 kt (est. 11%)Algeria10 kt (est. 9%)United States4.7 kt (est. 4%)Libya0.7 kt (est. <1%)Côte d’Ivoire0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data7.0 kt (6%)China: no crude data2.7 kt (2%)United States: no crude data1.9 kt (2%)Estonia: no refinery1.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania66 kt (61%)Finland20 kt (19%)Sweden10.0 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia7.0 kt (6%)China2.7 kt (2%)United States1.9 kt (2%)Estonia1.2 kt (1%)Germany0.2 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply110 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- Sweden
- Saudi Arabia
- China
- United States
- Estonia
- Germany
- Norway37 kt (est. 34%)
- Saudi Arabia32 kt (est. 29%)
- United Kingdom12 kt (est. 11%)
- Algeria10 kt (est. 9%)
- United States4.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Côte d’Ivoire0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data7.0 kt (6%)
- China: no crude data2.7 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data1.9 kt (2%)
- Estonia: no refinery1.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
12.1 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Latvia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported12 kt estimated
Inferred · mediumEstimated
Last shipped from
- Lithuania7.9 kt (est. 65%)
- Finland3.0 kt (est. 25%)
- Sweden1.2 kt (est. 10%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 66,316 | 60.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 20,353 | 18.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Latvia: road diesel supply | 9,997 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 6,999 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,676 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,880 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,171 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Latvia: road diesel supply | 151 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 31,811 | 48.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 17,364 | 85.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Lithuania | 13,943 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 10,002 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 7,885 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 6,999 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Sweden | 5,370 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 2,989 | 14.7% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| China: no crude data | China | 2,676 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Lithuania | 2,674 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 1,982 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 1,880 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,177 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Estonia: no refinery | Estonia | 1,171 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Sweden | 644 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 559 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Sweden | 136 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 130 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Latvia split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 45 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 29 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 28 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 14 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 14 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 12 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 6 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 3 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 2 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Germany | 1 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (6,999 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (2,676 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (1,880 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Estonia: no refinery (1,171 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (571 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.