Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Latvia's road diesel supply was 94 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (64%), Finland (16%) and Saudi Arabia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (28%), Norway (25%) and the United Kingdom (10%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 28%)Norway24 kt (est. 25%)United Kingdom9.8 kt (est. 10%)United States7.8 kt (est. 8%)Algeria6.6 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan0.1 kt (est. <1%)Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data8.7 kt (9%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data4.0 kt (4%)China: no crude data2.8 kt (3%)United States: no crude data1.5 kt (2%)Finland: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania60 kt (64%)Finland15 kt (16%)Saudi Arabia8.7 kt (9%)United Arab Emirates4.0 kt (4%)China2.8 kt (3%)United States1.5 kt (2%)Germany1.1 kt (1%)Estonia0.5 kt (<1%)Cyprus0.2 kt (<1%)Netherlandsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply94 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- China
- United States
- Germany
- Estonia
- Other (2)
- Saudi Arabia26 kt (est. 28%)
- Norway24 kt (est. 25%)
- United Kingdom9.8 kt (est. 10%)
- United States7.8 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria6.6 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Libya0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data8.7 kt (9%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data4.0 kt (4%)
- China: no crude data2.8 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data1.5 kt (2%)
- Finland: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 59,997 | 64.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 14,964 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 8,664 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Latvia: road diesel supply | 3,975 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,807 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,500 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,086 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 493 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Latvia: road diesel supply | 226 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 26,377 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 12,063 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Norway | Lithuania | 11,401 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 8,956 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 8,664 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Lithuania | 6,682 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 6,581 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 3,975 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 2,807 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 1,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Finland: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,171 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Finland | 938 | 6.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 792 | 5.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 493 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Cyprus | 226 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Norway | Germany | 210 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 186 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 176 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 132 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 124 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 91 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 74 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 45 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 27 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Latvia split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 20 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 13 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 11 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 5 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (8,664 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (3,975 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (2,807 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (1,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Finland: crude origin not reported (1,171 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (719 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (78 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (20 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.