Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Latvia's road diesel supply was 81 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (67%), the United States (13%) and Denmark (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (42%), Norway (18%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 42%)Norway15 kt (est. 18%)United Kingdom7.4 kt (est. 9%)United States2.8 kt (est. 3%)Algeria1.9 kt (est. 2%)Türkiye0.6 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. <1%)United States: no crude data10 kt (13%)Denmark: crude not from imports3.3 kt (4%)Cyprus: no refinery1.7 kt (2%)India: no crude data1.4 kt (2%)Estonia: no refinery1.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania54 kt (67%)United States10 kt (13%)Denmark10 kt (12%)Netherlands2.2 kt (3%)Cyprus1.7 kt (2%)India1.4 kt (2%)Estonia1.0 kt (1%)Poland0.1 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.2 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply81 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- United States
- Denmark
- Netherlands
- Cyprus
- India
- Estonia
- Poland
- Other (6)
- Saudi Arabia35 kt (est. 42%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 18%)
- United Kingdom7.4 kt (est. 9%)
- United States2.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Algeria1.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Türkiye0.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. <1%)
- United States: no crude data10 kt (13%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports3.3 kt (4%)
- Cyprus: no refinery1.7 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data1.4 kt (2%)
- Estonia: no refinery1.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 54,250 | 66.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 10,443 | 12.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Latvia: road diesel supply | 10,073 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Latvia: road diesel supply | 2,171 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,675 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,366 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 989 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Latvia: road diesel supply | 179 | 0.2% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Poland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 131 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 83 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 34,425 | 63.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 11,120 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 10,443 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 6,662 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,424 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Latvia split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 3,308 | 32.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 2,293 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Latvia split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 1,908 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Cyprus: no refinery | Cyprus | 1,675 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| India: no crude data | India | 1,366 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Estonia: no refinery | Estonia | 989 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 585 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye | Denmark | 565 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Latvia split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 475 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Latvia split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 449 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 385 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 318 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 227 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 138 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 135 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 109 | 245.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 83 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 67 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 41 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Latvia split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 33 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 29 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Poland | 26 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 11 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 11 | 56.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 9 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Poland | 8 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 6 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 6 | 16.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 5 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 5 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 4 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 4 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 3 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 3 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (10,443 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (3,308 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Cyprus: no refinery (1,675 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- India: no crude data (1,366 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Estonia: no refinery (989 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (176 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (157 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (83 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (33 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.