Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Latvia's road diesel supply was 83 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Lithuania (73%), Finland (13%) and India (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Saudi Arabia (33%), Norway (32%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 33%)Norway27 kt (est. 32%)United Kingdom7.9 kt (est. 9%)Algeria4.7 kt (est. 6%)United States4.2 kt (est. 5%)Denmark0.4 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)India: no crude data5.1 kt (6%)Cyprus: no refinery3.6 kt (4%)Estonia: no refinery1.2 kt (1%)United States: no crude data1.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Lithuania61 kt (73%)Finland10 kt (13%)India5.1 kt (6%)Cyprus3.6 kt (4%)Estonia1.2 kt (1%)United States1.2 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates0.3 kt (<1%)Poland0.2 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Latvia: road diesel supply83 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Lithuania
- Finland
- India
- Cyprus
- Estonia
- United States
- United Arab Emirates
- Poland
- Other (3)
- Saudi Arabia28 kt (est. 33%)
- Norway27 kt (est. 32%)
- United Kingdom7.9 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria4.7 kt (est. 6%)
- United States4.2 kt (est. 5%)
- Denmark0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- India: no crude data5.1 kt (6%)
- Cyprus: no refinery3.6 kt (4%)
- Estonia: no refinery1.2 kt (1%)
- United States: no crude data1.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithuania | Latvia: road diesel supply | 60,922 | 73.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Finland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 10,440 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Latvia: road diesel supply | 5,145 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Latvia: road diesel supply | 3,601 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,204 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Latvia: road diesel supply | 1,200 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Latvia: road diesel supply | 311 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Poland | Latvia: road diesel supply | 223 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Latvia: road diesel supply | 126 | 0.2% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 27,498 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Lithuania | 18,037 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 8,416 | 80.6% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 7,851 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 5,145 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 4,656 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Cyprus: no refinery | Cyprus | 3,601 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Lithuania | 2,504 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's road diesel to Latvia split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,656 | 15.9% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Estonia: no refinery | Estonia | 1,204 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 1,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 376 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Denmark | Finland | 368 | 3.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's road diesel to Latvia split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 311 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Poland | 85 | 38.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 83 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 82 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 52 | 87.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 22 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Poland | 17 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 16 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 15 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Poland | 12 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 11 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Poland | 9 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Poland's road diesel to Latvia split by Poland's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 8 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 7 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 6 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 2 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Poland | 1 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Denmark | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Latvia split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Latvia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (5,145 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Cyprus: no refinery (3,601 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Estonia: no refinery (1,204 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United States: no crude data (1,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (380 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (311 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (83 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.