Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 359 kt: 72% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (24%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (24%), Algeria (15%) and Nigeria (11%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil86 kt (est. 24%)Algeria54 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria41 kt (est. 11%)Angola35 kt (est. 10%)United States31 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 8%)Congo13 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins50 kt (est. 14%)Portugal: crude not from imports19 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)258 kt (72%)Spain86 kt (24%)Netherlands15 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply359 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil86 kt (est. 24%)
- Algeria54 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria41 kt (est. 11%)
- Angola35 kt (est. 10%)
- United States31 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 8%)
- Congo13 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins50 kt (est. 14%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports19 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
54.2 thousand tonnes
est. 15% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported54 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)50 kt (est. 93%)
- Spain3.6 kt (est. 7%)
- Netherlands0.2 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 257,600 | 71.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 86,181 | 24.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,763 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 74,312 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 50,370 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 35,876 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 28,207 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 27,905 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,683 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,791 | 7.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 15,572 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,734 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,374 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 11,129 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,534 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 7,613 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,224 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,635 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,236 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,612 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,356 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,290 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,284 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 882 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 488 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 258 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 178 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 18 | 41.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 10 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 5 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | France | 3 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (18,791 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,356 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (883 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.