Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 222 kt: 17% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (28%), India (27%) and France (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (13%), the United States (11%) and Nigeria (6%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil29 kt (est. 13%)United States25 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria14 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 6%)Algeria12 kt (est. 5%)Norway10 kt (est. 5%)Iraq8.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins47 kt (est. 21%)India: no crude data61 kt (27%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)38 kt (17%)Spain63 kt (28%)India61 kt (27%)France33 kt (15%)Netherlands27 kt (12%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply222 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain
- India
- Portugal (own refineries)
- France
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil29 kt (est. 13%)
- United States25 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria14 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria12 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway10 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq8.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins47 kt (est. 21%)
- India: no crude data61 kt (27%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
11.9 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported12 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)4.7 kt (est. 40%)
- Spain4.1 kt (est. 34%)
- France3.2 kt (est. 26%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 63,324 | 28.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Portugal: road diesel supply | 61,001 | 27.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 37,970 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| France | Portugal: road diesel supply | 32,962 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 27,024 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 61,001 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 28,012 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,130 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 9,309 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,901 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,531 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,497 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 6,414 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,031 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 5,881 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 5,177 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,852 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,714 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,439 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 4,367 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 4,053 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4,029 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,960 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,584 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,166 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 3,156 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,146 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2,664 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,060 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,934 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,745 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 1,698 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,583 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,511 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,186 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 969 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 359 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 222 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (61,001 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,104 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,191 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.