Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 386 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Algeria (19%) and the United States (8%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil148 kt (est. 38%)Algeria75 kt (est. 19%)United States30 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)Angola16 kt (est. 4%)Mexico14 kt (est. 4%)Ghana14 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins52 kt (est. 14%)Portugal: crude not from imports5.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)291 kt (75%)Spain81 kt (21%)Netherlands14 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply386 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil148 kt (est. 38%)
- Algeria75 kt (est. 19%)
- United States30 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola16 kt (est. 4%)
- Mexico14 kt (est. 4%)
- Ghana14 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins52 kt (est. 14%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports5.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
25.7 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported26 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)25 kt (est. 98%)
- Spain0.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Franceless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 291,016 | 75.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 80,945 | 21.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,150 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 134,687 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 71,817 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 34,699 | 42.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 25,268 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,784 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,269 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 14,131 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,789 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 12,274 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 11,864 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,463 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,174 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,940 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,837 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,139 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,377 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Spain | 2,028 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,410 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 851 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 794 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 434 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 85 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 24 | 53.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 11 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 8 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France | 3 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (5,940 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,172 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (852 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.