Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 450 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (37%), Algeria (18%) and Nigeria (10%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil166 kt (est. 37%)Algeria82 kt (est. 18%)Nigeria47 kt (est. 10%)United States45 kt (est. 10%)Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 10%)Libya17 kt (est. 4%)Norway17 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins30 kt (est. 7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)374 kt (83%)Spain62 kt (14%)Netherlands15 kt (3%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply450 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil166 kt (est. 37%)
- Algeria82 kt (est. 18%)
- Nigeria47 kt (est. 10%)
- United States45 kt (est. 10%)
- Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway17 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins30 kt (est. 7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
17.2 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported17 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)13 kt (est. 76%)
- Spain4.1 kt (est. 24%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 373,960 | 83.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 61,987 | 13.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,503 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 156,566 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 79,037 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 43,081 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 37,945 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 30,723 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 24,693 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,511 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,096 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 10,753 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,294 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 7,975 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,724 | 39.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,145 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,893 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,305 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,019 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,600 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,224 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,112 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 976 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 780 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,712 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.