Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 179 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (42%), the United States (13%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil75 kt (est. 42%)United States23 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 8%)Libya10 kt (est. 6%)Algeria7.8 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria7.5 kt (est. 4%)Guyana7.3 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins28 kt (est. 16%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)148 kt (83%)Netherlands30 kt (17%)Portugal: jet fuel supply179 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Netherlands
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this jet fuel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
10.4 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Portugal's jet fuel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported10 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)9.8 kt (est. 94%)
- Netherlands0.6 kt (est. 6%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 148,375 | 83.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 30,219 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 72,759 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 14,832 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,793 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,556 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,532 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,792 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,146 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,339 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,230 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,777 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,657 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,395 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,597 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 743 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 626 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 581 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 239 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month that can be drawn, the month its country page shows). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,657 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,597 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.