Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Portugal's road diesel supply was 428 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (40%), Algeria (13%) and Nigeria (11%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil172 kt (est. 40%)Algeria56 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria48 kt (est. 11%)United States40 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 5%)Ghana17 kt (est. 4%)Congo17 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins54 kt (est. 13%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)351 kt (82%)Spain70 kt (16%)Netherlands6.1 kt (1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply428 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil172 kt (est. 40%)
- Algeria56 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria48 kt (est. 11%)
- United States40 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 5%)
- Ghana17 kt (est. 4%)
- Congo17 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins54 kt (est. 13%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jul 2023)
6.1 thousand tonnes
1% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins3.7 kt (est. 61%)
- United States1.4 kt (est. 24%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (6%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 351,475 | 82.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 69,977 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 6,075 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 166,871 | 47.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 54,495 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 40,889 | 58.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 38,288 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 27,804 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,819 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 17,229 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,692 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 10,862 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,634 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 9,034 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,674 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,715 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,645 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,643 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 1,593 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,433 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 663 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 617 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 341 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 335 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 181 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 70 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,306 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (958 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.