Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 395 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (43%), Algeria (16%) and the United States (13%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil169 kt (est. 43%)Algeria65 kt (est. 16%)United States53 kt (est. 13%)Norway14 kt (est. 4%)Ghana14 kt (est. 3%)Mexico12 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria6.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins41 kt (est. 10%)Portugal: crude not from imports15 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)291 kt (74%)Spain84 kt (21%)Netherlands20 kt (5%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply395 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil169 kt (est. 43%)
- Algeria65 kt (est. 16%)
- United States53 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway14 kt (est. 4%)
- Ghana14 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico12 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria6.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins41 kt (est. 10%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports15 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Nov 2024)
19.5 thousand tonnes
5% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins7.5 kt (est. 39%)
- United States5.0 kt (est. 26%)
- Norway2.9 kt (est. 15%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 290,974 | 73.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 84,275 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 19,517 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 154,371 | 53.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 61,832 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 35,471 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 32,974 | 39.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,189 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,708 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,665 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 12,493 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 11,819 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,403 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,539 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,350 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,001 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,932 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,890 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,842 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,758 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,694 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,393 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 807 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 463 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 174 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 15 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 11 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (15,189 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,627 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,567 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.