Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 364 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (42%), Algeria (19%) and the United States (11%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil153 kt (est. 42%)Algeria68 kt (est. 19%)United States40 kt (est. 11%)Norway16 kt (est. 4%)Ghana13 kt (est. 3%)Mexico10 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan9.5 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 10%)Portugal: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)275 kt (76%)Spain59 kt (16%)Belgium17 kt (5%)Netherlands14 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply364 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil153 kt (est. 42%)
- Algeria68 kt (est. 19%)
- United States40 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway16 kt (est. 4%)
- Ghana13 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico10 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan9.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins38 kt (est. 10%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2024)
13.5 thousand tonnes
4% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins5.3 kt (est. 39%)
- United States4.0 kt (est. 29%)
- Norway2.0 kt (est. 15%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 274,878 | 75.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 58,766 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: road diesel supply | 16,542 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 13,531 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 142,333 | 51.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 65,858 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 25,468 | 43.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 23,570 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,641 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,730 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Spain | 10,259 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,593 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,153 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,778 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,633 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,304 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,268 | 38.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,963 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 3,378 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,371 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,527 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,032 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,894 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,514 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,431 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 887 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 846 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 838 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 319 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 130 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 24 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 12 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 11 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France | 4 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (11,730 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,880 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (130 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.