Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 387 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (36%), Algeria (17%) and the United States (13%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil141 kt (est. 36%)Algeria67 kt (est. 17%)United States50 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 6%)Norway23 kt (est. 6%)Mexico6.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)313 kt (81%)Spain63 kt (16%)Netherlands10 kt (3%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply387 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil141 kt (est. 36%)
- Algeria67 kt (est. 17%)
- United States50 kt (est. 13%)
- Azerbaijan43 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway23 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico6.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2024)
23.0 thousand tonnes
est. 6% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported23 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)16 kt (est. 70%)
- Spain6.2 kt (est. 27%)
- Netherlands0.6 kt (est. 3%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 313,380 | 80.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 63,431 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 10,419 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 131,601 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 65,330 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 42,005 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 38,369 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 24,730 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,893 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,181 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 9,145 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,783 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 6,705 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,213 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,850 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,195 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 2,165 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,165 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,028 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,849 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 953 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 852 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 774 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 693 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 607 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 143 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 16 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 10 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France | 4 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,049 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,309 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.