Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 442 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), the United States (14%) and Nigeria (13%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil168 kt (est. 38%)United States60 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria57 kt (est. 13%)Algeria40 kt (est. 9%)Norway32 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 5%)Libya16 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins44 kt (est. 10%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)331 kt (75%)Spain95 kt (22%)Netherlands15 kt (3%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply442 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil168 kt (est. 38%)
- United States60 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria57 kt (est. 13%)
- Algeria40 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway32 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins44 kt (est. 10%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
32.3 thousand tonnes
est. 7% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported32 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Portugal (own refineries)27 kt (est. 83%)
- Spain3.1 kt (est. 10%)
- Netherlands2.2 kt (est. 7%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 331,338 | 75.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 95,100 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 15,327 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 152,612 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 46,740 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 39,782 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 37,807 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 34,367 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,943 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 20,225 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 16,468 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 14,969 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,667 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 9,236 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,319 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 5,602 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 5,251 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,031 | 26.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 3,129 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 2,638 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,212 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,286 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 868 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 611 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 12 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,924 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (12 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.