Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 423 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (16%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Algeria (17%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil160 kt (est. 38%)Algeria70 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 12%)United States24 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 5%)Angola17 kt (est. 4%)Ghana16 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins61 kt (est. 14%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)332 kt (78%)Spain69 kt (16%)Netherlands21 kt (5%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply423 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil160 kt (est. 38%)
- Algeria70 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 12%)
- United States24 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola17 kt (est. 4%)
- Ghana16 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins61 kt (est. 14%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2025)
331.6 thousand tonnes
78% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Brazil147 kt (est. 44%)
- Algeria67 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan49 kt (est. 15%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 331,617 | 78.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 69,484 | 16.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 21,438 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 147,132 | 44.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 66,876 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 49,283 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 38,036 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,139 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,388 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,098 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,639 | 59.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 11,799 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,216 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,486 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 8,807 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,499 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,432 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,589 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,358 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,313 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,290 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,200 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Spain | 554 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 285 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 120 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9 | 45.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 2 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | France | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,359 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (286 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.