Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Portugal's road diesel supply was 309 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (33%), Spain (22%) and the United Kingdom (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (17%), Nigeria (12%) and Algeria (6%), and 40% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil53 kt (est. 17%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 12%)Algeria20 kt (est. 6%)United States15 kt (est. 5%)Angola13 kt (est. 4%)Norway7.3 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan7.1 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins33 kt (est. 11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data102 kt (33%)United Kingdom: no crude data16 kt (5%)Portugal: crude not from imports4.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)109 kt (35%)United Arab Emirates102 kt (33%)Spain67 kt (22%)United Kingdom16 kt (5%)Netherlands14 kt (5%)Portugal: road diesel supply309 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Netherlands
- Brazil53 kt (est. 17%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 12%)
- Algeria20 kt (est. 6%)
- United States15 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola13 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway7.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan7.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins33 kt (est. 11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data102 kt (33%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data16 kt (5%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports4.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2023)
67.1 thousand tonnes
22% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins28 kt (est. 42%)
- United States11 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil9.9 kt (est. 15%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 109,144 | 35.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Portugal: road diesel supply | 102,414 | 33.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 67,074 | 21.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Portugal: road diesel supply | 16,494 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,161 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 102,414 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 42,162 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 28,411 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 27,410 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 17,654 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 16,494 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 10,696 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 9,910 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 7,633 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,080 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,698 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 6,292 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,665 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,479 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,848 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,660 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,402 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,132 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,324 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,232 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 962 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 555 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 478 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 337 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 214 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 145 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (102,414 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (16,494 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Portugal: crude not from imports (4,479 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,033 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (214 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.