Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 364 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (16%) and the Netherlands (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Algeria (19%) and Nigeria (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil139 kt (est. 38%)Algeria68 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria45 kt (est. 12%)United States31 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan23 kt (est. 6%)Gabon9.7 kt (est. 3%)Mexico7.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 11%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)282 kt (78%)Spain57 kt (16%)Netherlands25 kt (7%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply364 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil139 kt (est. 38%)
- Algeria68 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria45 kt (est. 12%)
- United States31 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan23 kt (est. 6%)
- Gabon9.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 11%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2025)
56.6 thousand tonnes
16% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 40%)
- Brazil8.9 kt (est. 16%)
- Mexico7.7 kt (est. 14%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 281,858 | 77.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 56,554 | 15.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 25,179 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 128,517 | 45.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 62,949 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 39,441 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 23,105 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 22,797 | 40.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,696 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,546 | 65.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,150 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,944 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 7,676 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,485 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,980 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 4,588 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,510 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,511 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,435 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 708 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Spain | 553 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 11 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 2 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France | 2 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,511 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.