Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 219 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (38%), the Netherlands (18%) and the United Kingdom (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (25%), Nigeria (13%) and the United States (11%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil54 kt (est. 25%)Nigeria27 kt (est. 13%)United States25 kt (est. 11%)Algeria13 kt (est. 6%)Norway9.9 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan9.2 kt (est. 4%)Canada8.2 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins49 kt (est. 22%)United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (8%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (1%)Portugal: crude not from imports2.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)76 kt (35%)Spain84 kt (38%)Netherlands40 kt (18%)United Kingdom18 kt (8%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply219 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- France
- Brazil54 kt (est. 25%)
- Nigeria27 kt (est. 13%)
- United States25 kt (est. 11%)
- Algeria13 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway9.9 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan9.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Canada8.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins49 kt (est. 22%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (8%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (1%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports2.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2025)
84.0 thousand tonnes
38% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins36 kt (est. 43%)
- United States13 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil9.4 kt (est. 11%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 83,955 | 38.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 76,316 | 34.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 40,445 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Portugal: road diesel supply | 17,990 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 41,496 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 35,719 | 42.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 17,990 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,082 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 13,239 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 9,360 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,981 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,847 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,458 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,336 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,190 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain | 7,201 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,690 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,779 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 4,466 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,459 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,428 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,384 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,365 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,347 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,341 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,049 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 1,017 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 481 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 4 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 1 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Canada | France | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (17,990 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,347 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Portugal: crude not from imports (2,341 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (481 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.