Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Portugal's road diesel supply was 406 kt: 76% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (19%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (32%), Algeria (19%) and Nigeria (14%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil131 kt (est. 32%)Algeria75 kt (est. 19%)Nigeria57 kt (est. 14%)United States29 kt (est. 7%)Norway22 kt (est. 5%)Angola20 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins48 kt (est. 12%)Portugal: crude not from imports5.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)309 kt (76%)Spain76 kt (19%)Netherlands21 kt (5%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply406 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil131 kt (est. 32%)
- Algeria75 kt (est. 19%)
- Nigeria57 kt (est. 14%)
- United States29 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway22 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola20 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins48 kt (est. 12%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports5.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2023)
1.4 thousand tonnes
<1% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Netherlands0.8 kt (55%)
- Spain0.6 kt (45%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 308,790 | 76.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 76,140 | 18.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 21,239 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 122,484 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 72,886 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 47,339 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 39,994 | 52.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 17,039 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,636 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,599 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,043 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,798 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,055 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,957 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,221 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,228 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,010 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | Spain | 3,909 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,805 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,465 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,530 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,425 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 975 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 830 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 798 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 648 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 496 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (5,010 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,447 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.