Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 410 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (33%), the United States (18%) and Azerbaijan (11%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil136 kt (est. 33%)United States74 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan44 kt (est. 11%)Norway41 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 9%)Algeria29 kt (est. 7%)Mexico7.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins35 kt (est. 9%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)316 kt (77%)Spain80 kt (19%)Netherlands14 kt (3%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply410 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil136 kt (est. 33%)
- United States74 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan44 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway41 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 9%)
- Algeria29 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico7.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins35 kt (est. 9%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2024)
2.7 thousand tonnes
<1% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Spain1.6 kt (61%)
- Netherlands1.1 kt (39%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 316,403 | 77.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 79,617 | 19.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,242 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 123,866 | 39.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 57,994 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 43,247 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 37,230 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 29,819 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,322 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 24,404 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,331 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 10,683 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,547 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 7,279 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,505 | 38.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,341 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,253 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,949 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,280 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,982 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,955 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,633 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,365 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,057 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 781 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 437 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,296 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,690 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.