Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Portugal's road diesel supply was 397 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (27%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (32%), Nigeria (18%) and Algeria (13%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil127 kt (est. 32%)Nigeria70 kt (est. 18%)Algeria53 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 8%)Angola22 kt (est. 6%)United States22 kt (est. 5%)Norway12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins57 kt (est. 14%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)274 kt (69%)Spain109 kt (27%)Netherlands15 kt (4%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply397 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil127 kt (est. 32%)
- Nigeria70 kt (est. 18%)
- Algeria53 kt (est. 13%)
- Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 8%)
- Angola22 kt (est. 6%)
- United States22 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins57 kt (est. 14%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Sep 2023)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 273,557 | 68.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 108,543 | 27.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 15,234 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 115,213 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 56,650 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 52,200 | 48.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 50,025 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 29,130 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 17,418 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,718 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 12,297 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 11,125 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 8,151 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,496 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,007 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,354 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,041 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,660 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,738 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,326 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 1,160 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,065 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 938 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 907 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 558 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 505 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 363 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 167 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 121 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 10 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,952 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,270 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.