Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 169 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports from the South Korea (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (34%), Algeria (20%) and Nigeria (13%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil57 kt (est. 34%)Algeria34 kt (est. 20%)Nigeria22 kt (est. 13%)Norway8.0 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan7.8 kt (est. 5%)Angola7.3 kt (est. 4%)United States5.5 kt (est. 3%)South Korea: no crude data25 kt (15%)Portugal: crude not from imports2.3 kt (1%)Portugal (own refineries)144 kt (85%)South Korea25 kt (15%)Portugal: jet fuel supply169 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- South Korea
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 144,204 | 85.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 25,000 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 57,199 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 34,037 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 22,107 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,957 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,769 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,285 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,510 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,340 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (25,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Portugal: crude not from imports (2,340 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.