Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Portugal's petrol supply was 208 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Nigeria (19%) and Algeria (16%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil80 kt (est. 38%)Nigeria41 kt (est. 19%)Algeria34 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 10%)Angola11 kt (est. 5%)Norway6.5 kt (est. 3%)United States4.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)184 kt (88%)Spain17 kt (8%)Netherlands6.6 kt (3%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply208 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Germany
- France
- Brazil80 kt (est. 38%)
- Nigeria41 kt (est. 19%)
- Algeria34 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan20 kt (est. 10%)
- Angola11 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway6.5 kt (est. 3%)
- United States4.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 184,322 | 88.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 17,379 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 6,598 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 77,630 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 38,171 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 33,707 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,627 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,243 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8,358 | 48.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,051 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,789 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,169 | 32.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,969 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,886 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1,781 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,305 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,152 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 893 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Spain | 487 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 461 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 406 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 278 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 242 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 186 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 157 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 145 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 81 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 72 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 52 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 0 | 39.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 0 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 0 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 3.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | France | 0 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 0 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,027 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (303 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.