Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 154 kt: 39% from its own refineries, with imports from China (61%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (15%), Nigeria (10%) and Algeria (6%), and 63% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil23 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria15 kt (est. 10%)Algeria9.6 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan3.9 kt (est. 3%)Angola3.7 kt (est. 2%)Norway2.0 kt (est. 1%)China: no crude data94 kt (61%)Portugal: crude not from imports2.4 kt (2%)Portugal (own refineries)60 kt (39%)China94 kt (61%)Portugal: jet fuel supply154 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- China
- Portugal (own refineries)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 94,460 | 61.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 59,631 | 38.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| China: no crude data | China | 94,460 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 23,035 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,976 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,645 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,868 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,660 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,447 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,000 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- China: no crude data (94,460 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Portugal: crude not from imports (2,447 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.