Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Portugal's petrol supply was 27 kt: 37% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (40%) and the Netherlands (23%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (22%), Nigeria (15%) and the United States (13%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil6.1 kt (est. 22%)Nigeria4.2 kt (est. 15%)United States3.5 kt (est. 13%)Algeria2.0 kt (est. 7%)Angola1.8 kt (est. 7%)Norway1.6 kt (est. 6%)Iraq1.2 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins6.2 kt (est. 23%)Portugal: crude not from imports0.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)10 kt (37%)Spain11 kt (40%)Netherlands6.4 kt (23%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply27 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Brazil6.1 kt (est. 22%)
- Nigeria4.2 kt (est. 15%)
- United States3.5 kt (est. 13%)
- Algeria2.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola1.8 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway1.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq1.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins6.2 kt (est. 23%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports0.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 10,882 | 39.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 10,005 | 36.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 6,360 | 23.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain | 4,126 | 37.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,865 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,513 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,735 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,728 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,618 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1,608 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,383 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,238 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,079 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,021 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 712 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 649 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 614 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 595 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 483 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 432 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 411 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Spain | 346 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 335 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 215 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 200 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 151 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 90 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 65 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 35 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 0 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (411 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (305 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (35 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.