Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Portugal's road diesel supply was 324 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (28%), Oman (13%) and Italy (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (22%), Nigeria (13%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil72 kt (est. 22%)Nigeria43 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 8%)United States23 kt (est. 7%)Algeria22 kt (est. 7%)Libya13 kt (est. 4%)Iraq9.3 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins54 kt (est. 17%)Oman: no crude data41 kt (13%)United Kingdom: no crude data15 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)125 kt (38%)Spain92 kt (28%)Oman41 kt (13%)Italy33 kt (10%)Netherlands18 kt (6%)United Kingdom15 kt (5%)Portugal: road diesel supply324 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Oman
- Italy
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil72 kt (est. 22%)
- Nigeria43 kt (est. 13%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 8%)
- United States23 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria22 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya13 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq9.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins54 kt (est. 17%)
- Oman: no crude data41 kt (13%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data15 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 124,527 | 38.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 92,320 | 28.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Portugal: road diesel supply | 40,808 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Portugal: road diesel supply | 32,981 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 18,110 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Portugal: road diesel supply | 15,263 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 57,329 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 40,808 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 36,925 | 40.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 29,028 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,405 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,765 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 15,263 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 13,386 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 12,940 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 10,755 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,153 | 30.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 7,506 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,434 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 5,466 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,048 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,029 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,390 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 4,084 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,052 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 2,596 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,384 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,287 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,131 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,972 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,476 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,309 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 1,062 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 884 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 779 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 773 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Italy | 408 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 185 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Oman: no crude data (40,808 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (15,263 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,980 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,435 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.