Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Portugal's road diesel supply was 428 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (18%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (29%), Algeria (18%) and Nigeria (15%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil123 kt (est. 29%)Algeria76 kt (est. 18%)Nigeria63 kt (est. 15%)Azerbaijan58 kt (est. 14%)Angola34 kt (est. 8%)Congo25 kt (est. 6%)United States12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins32 kt (est. 8%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)351 kt (82%)Spain77 kt (18%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply428 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil123 kt (est. 29%)
- Algeria76 kt (est. 18%)
- Nigeria63 kt (est. 15%)
- Azerbaijan58 kt (est. 14%)
- Angola34 kt (est. 8%)
- Congo25 kt (est. 6%)
- United States12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins32 kt (est. 8%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 350,605 | 82.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 76,896 | 18.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 111,844 | 31.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 72,789 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 57,140 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 55,703 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 32,118 | 41.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,681 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 25,490 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 11,934 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,862 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 7,211 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,852 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,453 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 2,477 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 1,343 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 957 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 645 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 18 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 16 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 8 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,434 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (646 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (16 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.