Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 147 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports from the South Korea (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (25%), Algeria (17%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil37 kt (est. 25%)Algeria24 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria19 kt (est. 13%)Angola8.9 kt (est. 6%)Congo8.5 kt (est. 6%)South Korea: no crude data30 kt (20%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)117 kt (80%)South Korea30 kt (20%)Portugal: jet fuel supply147 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- South Korea
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 117,171 | 79.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 29,930 | 20.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 37,378 | 31.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 29,930 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 24,326 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,096 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,616 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,917 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,519 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 320 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (29,930 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (320 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.