Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Portugal's petrol supply was 254 kt: 92% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (29%), Nigeria (18%) and Algeria (15%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil75 kt (est. 29%)Nigeria46 kt (est. 18%)Algeria39 kt (est. 15%)Azerbaijan30 kt (est. 12%)Angola30 kt (est. 12%)Congo13 kt (est. 5%)Norway8.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)235 kt (92%)Spain13 kt (5%)Netherlands6.1 kt (2%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply254 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 234,796 | 92.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 13,193 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 6,121 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 72,534 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 44,427 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 38,342 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 30,181 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 28,211 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,464 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 7,795 | 59.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,638 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,324 | 54.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1,825 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,297 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,290 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 746 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 743 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 568 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 509 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 365 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 222 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 190 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 172 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 133 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 72 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 63 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 60 | 59.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 12 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 8 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 59.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (367 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (307 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.