Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 379 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (31%), Algeria (20%) and Nigeria (17%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil117 kt (est. 31%)Algeria75 kt (est. 20%)Nigeria63 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 7%)United States27 kt (est. 7%)Angola22 kt (est. 6%)Mexico12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 8%)Portugal: crude not from imports5.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)302 kt (80%)Spain77 kt (20%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply379 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil117 kt (est. 31%)
- Algeria75 kt (est. 20%)
- Nigeria63 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 7%)
- United States27 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola22 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 8%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports5.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 301,725 | 79.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 77,295 | 20.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 106,559 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 72,417 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 51,374 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 27,513 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,177 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,053 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,673 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,951 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 11,997 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 11,880 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 10,361 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,684 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 5,507 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,452 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,492 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,312 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 618 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 20 | 44.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 14 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 9 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 6 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 4 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (5,452 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,313 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (618 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.