Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 139 kt: 100% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (42%), Algeria (21%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil58 kt (est. 42%)Algeria29 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria14 kt (est. 10%)United States11 kt (est. 8%)Norway5.0 kt (est. 4%)Libya4.9 kt (est. 4%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)139 kt (100%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: jet fuel supply139 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 139,412 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 58,368 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 29,465 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,061 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,146 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,453 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,037 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,882 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 0 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 0 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 0 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.