Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Portugal's petrol supply was 282 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (32%), Azerbaijan (20%) and the United States (14%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil89 kt (est. 32%)Azerbaijan56 kt (est. 20%)United States40 kt (est. 14%)Algeria34 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 8%)Norway19 kt (est. 7%)Mexico2.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)244 kt (87%)Spain24 kt (9%)Netherlands14 kt (5%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply282 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
- Brazil89 kt (est. 32%)
- Azerbaijan56 kt (est. 20%)
- United States40 kt (est. 14%)
- Algeria34 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico2.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins14 kt (est. 5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 244,385 | 86.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 24,253 | 8.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 13,641 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 84,974 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 55,445 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 33,546 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 33,275 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,263 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,159 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 9,382 | 38.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,900 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,456 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,082 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,976 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,973 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 2,658 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,278 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,722 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,421 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,077 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,045 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 989 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 891 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 383 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 247 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 137 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 22 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 10 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 6 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 4 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Germany | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,124 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,971 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.