Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Portugal's road diesel supply was 417 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (43%), Algeria (14%) and the United States (13%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil181 kt (est. 43%)Algeria60 kt (est. 14%)United States53 kt (est. 13%)Azerbaijan27 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 6%)Mexico10.0 kt (est. 2%)Angola6.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins41 kt (est. 10%)Portugal: crude not from imports8.0 kt (2%)Spain: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)311 kt (74%)Spain89 kt (21%)Netherlands17 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply417 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil181 kt (est. 43%)
- Algeria60 kt (est. 14%)
- United States53 kt (est. 13%)
- Azerbaijan27 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico10.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Angola6.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins41 kt (est. 10%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports8.0 kt (2%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported4.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 310,818 | 74.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 89,228 | 21.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 17,284 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 167,074 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 57,010 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 35,126 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 30,985 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,978 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,652 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 13,574 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 12,401 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 9,968 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,749 | 56.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,979 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,552 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 6,040 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain | 4,293 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,966 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,865 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 2,075 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,429 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,172 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 722 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 476 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 245 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 18 | 41.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 11 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 5 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | France | 4 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (7,979 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (4,293 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,075 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,431 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.