Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Portugal's petrol supply was 241 kt: 93% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (50%), Algeria (20%) and the United States (12%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil121 kt (est. 50%)Algeria48 kt (est. 20%)United States30 kt (est. 12%)Ghana11 kt (est. 4%)Norway8.2 kt (est. 3%)Mexico2.4 kt (est. <1%)Nigeria1.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins6.7 kt (est. 3%)Portugal: crude not from imports12 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)224 kt (93%)Spain17 kt (7%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply241 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- Germany
- Brazil121 kt (est. 50%)
- Algeria48 kt (est. 20%)
- United States30 kt (est. 12%)
- Ghana11 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway8.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico2.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Nigeria1.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins6.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports12 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 223,735 | 92.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 16,853 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 118,699 | 53.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 47,543 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 27,274 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,679 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,541 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,999 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 6,594 | 39.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,533 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,498 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 2,364 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,270 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 586 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 568 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 279 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 161 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 58 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 39 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 19 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 13 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 12 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 5 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 1 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Germany | 0 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (11,679 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (593 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (280 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.