Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 134 kt: 99% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (52%), Algeria (24%) and the United States (9%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil69 kt (est. 52%)Algeria32 kt (est. 24%)United States12 kt (est. 9%)Ghana6.1 kt (est. 5%)Norway4.7 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan4.4 kt (est. 3%)Mexico0.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)Portugal: crude not from imports5.7 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)133 kt (99%)Spain0.8 kt (<1%)Portugal: jet fuel supply134 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Brazil69 kt (est. 52%)
- Algeria32 kt (est. 24%)
- United States12 kt (est. 9%)
- Ghana6.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway4.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan4.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports5.7 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 133,255 | 99.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 844 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 69,000 | 51.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 31,927 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,426 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,128 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,686 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,650 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,437 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 366 | 43.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 147 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 126 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 124 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 36 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 27 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 13 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 5 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (5,686 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (36 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.