Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Portugal's petrol supply was 262 kt: 92% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (49%), Algeria (22%) and the United States (10%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil127 kt (est. 49%)Algeria58 kt (est. 22%)United States25 kt (est. 10%)Ghana11 kt (est. 4%)Norway9.8 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan8.1 kt (est. 3%)Mexico2.4 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins9.2 kt (est. 3%)Portugal: crude not from imports10 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)240 kt (92%)Spain14 kt (5%)Netherlands8.2 kt (3%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply262 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
- Brazil127 kt (est. 49%)
- Algeria58 kt (est. 22%)
- United States25 kt (est. 10%)
- Ghana11 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway9.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan8.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico2.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins9.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports10 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 240,024 | 91.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 13,614 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 8,241 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 124,285 | 51.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 57,508 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 20,581 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,038 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,243 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,376 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,993 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 5,900 | 43.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,208 | 38.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,414 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 2,377 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,034 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,000 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,238 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 871 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 586 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 510 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 439 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 206 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 74 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 47 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 23 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 7 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 7 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 45.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 7.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Germany | 0 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (10,243 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,098 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.