Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Portugal's petrol supply was 211 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (7%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (42%), Algeria (22%) and Azerbaijan (8%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil89 kt (est. 42%)Algeria46 kt (est. 22%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 8%)United States15 kt (est. 7%)Angola9.5 kt (est. 5%)Ghana8.8 kt (est. 4%)Norway8.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 6%)Portugal: crude not from imports3.8 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)185 kt (88%)Spain14 kt (7%)Netherlands11 kt (5%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply211 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
- Brazil89 kt (est. 42%)
- Algeria46 kt (est. 22%)
- Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 8%)
- United States15 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola9.5 kt (est. 5%)
- Ghana8.8 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway8.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 6%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports3.8 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 185,348 | 87.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 13,979 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 11,333 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 85,782 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 45,740 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,093 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,416 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,088 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,782 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8,258 | 59.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,664 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,996 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,783 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,073 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,120 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,049 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,750 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,130 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 681 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 636 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 542 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 411 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Spain | 350 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 174 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 75 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 68 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 44 | 43.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 26 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 11 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 8 | 48.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 7 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 6 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Germany | 3 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (3,783 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,050 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (686 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.