Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 388 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (37%), Algeria (21%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil144 kt (est. 37%)Algeria81 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan45 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria23 kt (est. 6%)United States22 kt (est. 6%)Angola17 kt (est. 4%)Ghana16 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 10%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)318 kt (82%)Spain55 kt (14%)Belgium14 kt (3%)Netherlands2.0 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply388 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil144 kt (est. 37%)
- Algeria81 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan45 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria23 kt (est. 6%)
- United States22 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola17 kt (est. 4%)
- Ghana16 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins38 kt (est. 10%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 317,590 | 81.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 55,132 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: road diesel supply | 13,562 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 1,976 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 133,637 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 79,325 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 45,031 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 27,957 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,629 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,855 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,556 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,557 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 9,534 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,464 | 62.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,608 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 5,979 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,598 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,662 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,101 | 55.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,011 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Spain | 939 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 763 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 657 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 518 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 511 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 452 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Spain | 442 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 157 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 121 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 116 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 65 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 38 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 23 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 12 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 11 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 5 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola | France | 3 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 3 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 3 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,791 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.