Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 106 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports from the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Algeria (22%) and Azerbaijan (13%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil40 kt (est. 38%)Algeria23 kt (est. 22%)Azerbaijan13 kt (est. 13%)United States6.7 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria5.3 kt (est. 5%)Angola4.7 kt (est. 4%)Ghana4.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins6.9 kt (est. 7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)94 kt (88%)Netherlands12 kt (12%)Portugal: jet fuel supply106 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Brazil40 kt (est. 38%)
- Algeria23 kt (est. 22%)
- Azerbaijan13 kt (est. 13%)
- United States6.7 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria5.3 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola4.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Ghana4.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins6.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 93,590 | 88.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 12,431 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 39,381 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 23,376 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,270 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,926 | 55.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,900 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,672 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,584 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,406 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,258 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 987 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 763 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 409 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 73 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 16 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (763 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (16 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.