Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Portugal's petrol supply was 212 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Algeria (22%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil81 kt (est. 38%)Algeria46 kt (est. 22%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 6%)United States11 kt (est. 5%)Angola9.8 kt (est. 5%)Ghana9.1 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)183 kt (86%)Spain21 kt (10%)Belgium8.7 kt (4%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply212 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Belgium
- France
- Germany
- Brazil81 kt (est. 38%)
- Algeria46 kt (est. 22%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 6%)
- United States11 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola9.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Ghana9.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 182,873 | 86.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 20,674 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: petrol supply | 8,706 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 76,950 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 45,676 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 25,930 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,484 | 50.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,575 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,130 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,958 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,655 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,433 | 62.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,575 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,853 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,242 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,668 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 623 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 490 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 422 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 379 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Spain | 352 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 328 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 290 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Spain | 166 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 74 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 43 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 26 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 6 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 3 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 3 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 62.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (802 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.