Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 140 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports from Kuwait (21%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (30%), Algeria (16%) and Nigeria (12%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil42 kt (est. 30%)Algeria23 kt (est. 16%)Nigeria16 kt (est. 12%)United States13 kt (est. 9%)Congo5.4 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan3.7 kt (est. 3%)Kuwait: no crude data30 kt (21%)Portugal: crude not from imports7.5 kt (5%)Portugal (own refineries)110 kt (79%)Kuwait30 kt (21%)Portugal: jet fuel supply140 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Kuwait
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 110,322 | 78.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 30,000 | 21.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 41,642 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 22,867 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,474 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,798 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,493 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,355 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 3,693 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Portugal: crude not from imports (7,493 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.