Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 195 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (32%) and Kuwait (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (22%), Nigeria (6%) and Algeria (6%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil43 kt (est. 22%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 6%)Algeria12 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan7.8 kt (est. 4%)United States7.1 kt (est. 4%)Angola4.5 kt (est. 2%)Congo4.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)India: no crude data63 kt (32%)Kuwait: no crude data39 kt (20%)Portugal: crude not from imports2.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)93 kt (48%)India63 kt (32%)Kuwait39 kt (20%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: jet fuel supply195 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- India
- Kuwait
- Spain
- Brazil43 kt (est. 22%)
- Nigeria13 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria12 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan7.8 kt (est. 4%)
- United States7.1 kt (est. 4%)
- Angola4.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Congo4.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- India: no crude data63 kt (32%)
- Kuwait: no crude data39 kt (20%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports2.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 93,123 | 47.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 62,926 | 32.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 38,638 | 19.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 62,926 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 42,623 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 38,638 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,564 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,943 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,821 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,079 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,466 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,241 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,387 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 0 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 0 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 0 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 0 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 0 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (62,926 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (38,638 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Portugal: crude not from imports (2,387 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.